5/31 Late treatment study
et al., Archivos de Medicina Universitaria (Peer Reviewed)
Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Retrospective 403 hospitalized patients in Spain, showing lower mortality with treatment, however authors do not adjust for the differences between the groups. Confounding by indication is likely.
Ramírez-García et al., 5/31/2021, retrospective, Spain, Europe, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
risk of death, 67.0% lower, RR 0.33, p < 0.001, treatment 48 of 350 (13.7%), control 22 of 53 (41.5%).
risk of ICU admission, 6.0% higher, RR 1.06, p = 1.00, treatment 35 of 350 (10.0%), control 5 of 53 (9.4%).
This study is excluded in the after exclusion results of meta analysis: excessive unadjusted differences between groups, substantial unadjusted confounding by indication likely.
Effect extraction follows pre-specified rules
prioritizing more serious outcomes. For an individual study the most serious
outcome may have a smaller number of events and lower statistical signficance,
however this provides the strongest evidence for the most serious outcomes
when combining the results of many trials.
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