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Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine

Sahraei et al., Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, April 2020, 55:4, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945

Mar 2020

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Discussion of mechanisms of action, CQ vs. HCQ, early studies, safety.

Reviews covering hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 include Al-Bari, Brouqui, Colson, Derwand, Gao, Goldstein, Hecel, IHU, Kaur, Li, Loo, Matada, Roussel, Sahraei, Todaro, Vigbedor.

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1. Al-Bari, M., Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases, Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.293.wiley.com, doi.org.

2. Brouqui et al., There is no such thing as a Ministry of Truth and why it is important to challenge conventional “wisdom” - A personal view, New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101155.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

3. Colson et al., Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Available Weapons to Fight COVID-19, Int J. Antimicrob Agents, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932. Epub 2020 Mar 4., www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135139/.nih.gov.

4. Derwand et al., Does zinc supplementation enhance the clinical efficacy of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine to win today's battle against COVID-19?, Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109815.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

5. Gao et al., Update on Use of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Biosci Trends, May 21, 2020, 14:2, 156-158, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.03072.go.jp, doi.org.

6. Goldstein, L., Hydroxychloroquine-based COVID-19 Treatment, A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence and Expert Opinion from Physicians’ Surveys, Preprint, July 7, 2020, wattsupwiththat.com/2020/07/07/hydroxychloroquine-based-covid-19-treatment-a-systematic-review-of-clinical-evidence-and-expert-opinion-from-physicians-surveys/.wattsupwiththat.com.

7. Hecel et al., Zinc(II)—The Overlooked Éminence Grise of Chloroquine’s Fight against COVID-19?, Pharmaceuticals, 13:9, 228, doi:10.3390/ph13090228.mdpi.com, doi.org.

8. IHU, Natural history and therapeutic options for COVID-19, Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, www.mediterranee-infection.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ERM-2020-0073.R1_Proof_hi.pdf.mediterranee-infection.com.

9. Kaur et al., Folic acid as placebo in controlled clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis in COVID-19: Is it scientifically justifiable?, Medical Hypotheses, doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110539.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

10. Li et al., Is hydroxychloroquine beneficial for COVID-19 patients?, Cell Death & Disease volume 11, doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2721-8.nature.com, doi.org.

11. Loo et al., Recent Advances in Inhaled Nanoformulations of Vaccines and Therapeutics Targeting Respiratory Viral Infections, Pharmaceutical Research, doi:10.1007/s11095-023-03520-1.springer.com, doi.org.

12. Matada et al., A comprehensive review on the biological interest of quinoline and its derivatives, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115973.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

13. Roussel et al., Influence of conflicts of interest on public positions in the COVID-19 era, the case of Gilead Sciences, New Microbes and New Infections, Volume 38 , doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100710.sciencedirect.com, doi.org.

14. Sahraei et al., Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, April 2020, 55:4, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945.europepmc.org, doi.org.

15. Todaro et al., An Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19), github.com/covidtrial/info/raw/master/An%20Effective%20Treatment%20for%20Coronavirus%20(COVID-19).pdf.github.com.

16. Vigbedor et al., Review of four major biomolecular target sites for COVID-19 and possible inhibitors as treatment interventions, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, doi:10.7324/JAPS.2021.110825.japsonline.com, doi.org.

Sahraei et al., 17 Mar 2020, peer-reviewed, 4 authors.

This Paper HCQ All

Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine

Zahra Sahraei, Minoosh Shabani, Shervin Shokouhi, Ali Saffaei

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105945

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre -including this research content -immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

Declarations Funding: None. Competing Interests: None declared. Ethical Approval: Not required.

References

Colson, Rolain, Raoult, Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923

Gao, Tian, Yang, Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies, Biosci Trends, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047

Jorge, Melles, Zhang, Lu, Rai et al., Hydroxychloroquine prescription trends and predictors for excess dosing per recent ophthalmology guidelines, Arthritis Res Ther, doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1634-8

Lim, Im, Cho, Bae, Klein et al., Pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine and its clinical implications in chemoprophylaxis against malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, doi:10.1128/AAC.00339-08

Plantone, Koudriavtseva, Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: a mini-review, Clin Drug Investig, doi:10.1007/s40261-018-0656-y

Rainsford, Parke, Clifford-Rashotte, Kean, Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, Inflammopharmacology, doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0239-y

Savarino, Boelaert, Cassone, Majori, Cauda, Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?, Lancet Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00806-5

Tan, Yam, Sun, Chu, An evaluation of chloroquine as a broad-acting antiviral against hand, foot and mouth disease, Antiviral Res, doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.017

Xu, Mugopen, Data, Group, Open access epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak, Lancet Infect Dis, doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30119-5

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