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In silico studies of selected multi-drug targeting against 3CLpro and nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Udofia et al., Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, doi:10.1007/s13721-021-00299-2
Mar 2021  
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Ivermectin for COVID-19
4th treatment shown to reduce risk in August 2020
 
*, now known with p < 0.00000000001 from 102 studies, recognized in 22 countries.
Lower risk for mortality, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, recovery, cases, and viral clearance.
No treatment is 100% effective. Protocols combine complementary and synergistic treatments. * >10% efficacy in meta analysis with ≥3 clinical studies.
4,000+ studies for 60+ treatments. c19ivm.org
In Silico analysis finding that ivermectin had the highest binding energy against the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 and RdRps of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
66 preclinical studies support the efficacy of ivermectin for COVID-19:
28 In Silico studies Alvarado, Aminpour, Bello, Chellasamy, Choudhury, Eweas, Francés-Monerris, Francés-Monerris (B), González-Paz, González-Paz (B), Kalhor, Kern, Lehrer, Maurya, Muthusamy, Oranu, Parvez, Parvez (B), Qureshi, Rana, Saha, Schöning, Suravajhala, Swargiary, Udofia, Umar, Vottero, Zhao
24 In Vitro studies Boschi, Caly, Croci, De Forni, Delandre, Fauquet, García-Aguilar, Jeffreys, Jitobaom, Jitobaom (B), Jitobaom (C), Li, Liu, Liu (B), Mody, Mountain Valley MD, Munson, Saha (B), Segatori, Shahin, Surnar, Yesilbag, Zhang, Zheng
14 In Vivo animal studies Abd-Elmawla, Albariqi, Arévalo, Chaccour, de Melo, Errecalde, Gao, Ma, Madrid, Mountain Valley MD, Uematsu, Yan, Zhang, Zheng
Ivermectin, better known for antiparasitic activity, is a broad spectrum antiviral with activity against many viruses including H7N7 Götz, Dengue Jitobaom, Tay, Wagstaff, HIV-1 Wagstaff, Simian virus 40 Wagstaff (B), Zika Barrows, Jitobaom, Yang, West Nile Yang, Yellow Fever Mastrangelo, Varghese, Japanese encephalitis Mastrangelo, Chikungunya Varghese, Semliki Forest virus Varghese, Human papillomavirus Li, Epstein-Barr Li, BK Polyomavirus Bennett, and Sindbis virus Varghese.
Ivermectin inhibits importin-α/β-dependent nuclear import of viral proteins Götz, Kosyna, Wagstaff, Wagstaff (B), shows spike-ACE2 disruption at 1nM with microfluidic diffusional sizing Fauquet, binds to glycan sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein preventing interaction with blood and epithelial cells and inhibiting hemagglutination Boschi, Scheim, shows dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron variants Shahin, exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of lung injury Abd-Elmawla, Ma, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 via IMPase inhibition Jitobaom, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 induced formation of fibrin clots resistant to degradation Vottero, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Mody, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity Parvez (B), may minimize viral myocarditis by inhibiting NF-κB/p65-mediated inflammation in macrophages Gao, may be beneficial for COVID-19 ARDS by blocking GSDMD and NET formation Liu (C), shows protection against inflammation, cytokine storm, and mortality in an LPS mouse model sharing key pathological features of severe COVID-19 DiNicolantonio, Zhang, may be beneficial in severe COVID-19 by binding IGF1 to inhibit the promotion of inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation that leads to lung damage Zhao, may minimize SARS-CoV-2 induced cardiac damage Liu, Liu (B), increases Bifidobacteria which play a key role in the immune system Hazan, has immunomodulatory Munson and anti-inflammatory DiNicolantonio (B), Yan properties, and has an extensive and very positive safety profile Descotes.
Important missing comments or errors? Let us know.
Udofia et al., 25 Mar 2021, peer-reviewed, 5 authors.
In Silico studies are an important part of preclinical research, however results may be very different in vivo.
This PaperIvermectinAll
In silico studies of selected multi-drug targeting against 3CLpro and nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV
Inemesit A Udofia, Kofoworola O Gbayo, Oluwakemi A Oloba-Whenu, Taofeek B Ogunbayo, Chukwuemeka Isanbor
Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, doi:10.1007/s13721-021-00299-2
An outbreak of a cluster of viral pneumonia cases, subsequently identified as coronavirus disease 2019 , due to a novel SARS-CoV-2 necessitates an urgent need for a vaccine to prevent infection or an approved medication for a cure. In our in silico molecular docking study, a total of 173 compounds, including FDA-approved antiviral drugs, with good ADME descriptors, and some other nucleotide analogues were screened. The results show that these compounds demonstrate strong binding affinity for the residues at the active sites of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) modelled structures and Chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3CLpro) of the HCoV proteins. Free energies (ΔG's) of binding for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV RdRp range from -5.4 to -8.8 kcal/mol and -4.9 to -8.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Also, SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV 3CLpro gave ΔG values ranging from − 5.1 to − 8.4 kcal/mol and − 5.5 to − 8.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Interesting results are obtained for ivermectin, an antiparasitic agent with broad spectrum activity, which gave the highest binding energy value (− 8.8 kcal/mol) against the 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 and RdRps of both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The reason for such high binding energy values is probably due to the presence of hydroxy, methoxy and sugar moieties in its structure. The stability of the protein-ligand complexes of polymerase inhibitors considered in this investigation, such as Sofosbuvir, Remdesivir, Tenofovir, Ribavirin, Galidesivir, 5c3, 5h1 and 7a1, show strong to moderate hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions (π-π stacked, π-π T-shaped, π-sigma and π-alkyl). The stability provided from such interactions translate into greater antiviral activity or inhibitory effect of the ligands. Assessment of the average free energies of binding of the FDA approved drugs are highly comparable for conformers of a particular inhibitor, indicating similar modes of binding within the pockets.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s13721-021-00299-2.
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