Ivermectin as Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 among Healthcare Providers in a Selected Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka – An Observational Study

{ 'DOI': '10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.6.599', 'ISSN': ['2593-8339'], 'URL': 'http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.6.599', 'abstract': '<jats:p>Introduction: While multiple vaccines are undergoing clinical trial across the globe, ' 'we yearn for an FDA approved drug to protect us from the devastating pandemic for the time ' 'being. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Ivermectin when administered as ' 'pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19.&#x0D;\n' 'Method: An observational study, with 118 healthcare providers who were enrolled purposively, ' 'was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Dhaka from May 2020 to August 2020. The subjects were ' 'divided into experimental and control groups; and the experimental group received an oral ' 'monthly dose of Ivermectin 12mg for 4 months. Both groups were exposed to COVID-19 positive ' 'patients admitted in the hospital during the course of study. The symptomatic subjects were ' 'evaluated by physical examination, COVID-19 RT-PCR and/or HRCT of chest. Differences between ' 'the variables were determined using the Chi-square test and the level of statistical ' 'significance was reached when p&lt;0.05.&#x0D;\n' 'Result: 73.3% (44 out of 60) subjects in control group were positive for COVID-19, whereas ' 'only 6.9% (4 out of 58) of the experimental group were diagnosed with COVID-19 (p-value &lt; ' '0.05).&#x0D;\n' 'Conclusion: Ivermectin, an FDA-approved, safe, cheap and widely available drug, should be ' 'subjected to large-scale trials all over the world to ascertain its effectiveness as ' 'pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19.</jats:p>', 'author': [ {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Alam', 'given': 'Mohammed Tarek', 'sequence': 'first'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Murshed', 'given': 'Rubaiul', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Gomes', 'given': 'Pauline Francisca', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Masud', 'given': 'Zafor Md.', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Saber', 'given': 'Sadia', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Chaklader', 'given': 'Mainul Alam', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Khanam', 'given': 'Fatema', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Hossain', 'given': 'Monower', 'sequence': 'additional'}, { 'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Momen', 'given': 'Abdul Basit Ibne Momen', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Yasmin', 'given': 'Naz', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Alam', 'given': 'Rafa Faaria', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Sultana', 'given': 'Amrin', 'sequence': 'additional'}, {'affiliation': [], 'family': 'Robin', 'given': 'Rishad Choudhury', 'sequence': 'additional'}], 'container-title': 'European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences', 'container-title-short': 'EJMED', 'content-domain': {'crossmark-restriction': False, 'domain': []}, 'created': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 20]], 'date-time': '2020-12-20T13:23:13Z', 'timestamp': 1608470593000}, 'deposited': { 'date-parts': [[2022, 11, 4]], 'date-time': '2022-11-04T07:21:24Z', 'timestamp': 1667546484000}, 'indexed': {'date-parts': [[2024, 3, 28]], 'date-time': '2024-03-28T16:38:09Z', 'timestamp': 1711643889880}, 'is-referenced-by-count': 9, 'issue': '6', 'issued': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 15]]}, 'journal-issue': {'issue': '6', 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 11, 6]]}}, 'license': [ { 'URL': 'http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0', 'content-version': 'unspecified', 'delay-in-days': 0, 'start': { 'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 15]], 'date-time': '2020-12-15T00:00:00Z', 'timestamp': 1607990400000}}], 'link': [ { 'URL': 'https://www.ejmed.org/index.php/ejmed/article/download/599/337', 'content-type': 'application/pdf', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'text-mining'}, { 'URL': 'https://www.ejmed.org/index.php/ejmed/article/download/599/337', 'content-type': 'unspecified', 'content-version': 'vor', 'intended-application': 'similarity-checking'}], 'member': '10105', 'original-title': [], 'prefix': '10.24018', 'published': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 15]]}, 'published-online': {'date-parts': [[2020, 12, 15]]}, 'publisher': 'European Open Science Publishing', 'reference': [ { 'key': '7445', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update. 2020; ' 'https://www.who.int/bangladesh/emergencies/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-update.'}, { 'key': '7446', 'unstructured': "World Health Organization. WHO's COVID-19 response. 2020; " 'https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-timeline.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7447', 'unstructured': 'Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagstaff KM. The FDA-approved drug ' 'ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral ' 'Res. 2020; 178:104787.'}, { 'DOI': '10.3329/jbcps.v38i0.47512', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7448', 'unstructured': 'Alam MT, Murshed R, Bhiuyan E, Saber S, Alam RF, Robin RC. Case Series ' 'of 100 COVID-19 Positive Patients Treatedwith Combination of Ivermectin ' 'and Doxycycline. Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and ' 'Surgeons. 2020;38(Supplement Issue).'}, { 'key': '7449', 'unstructured': 'Professor Satoshi Ōmura. 2007; ' 'http://www.satoshi-omura.info/biography/.'}, { 'DOI': '10.2183/pjab.87.13', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7450', 'unstructured': "Crump A, Ōmura S. Ivermectin, 'wonder drug' from Japan: the human use " 'perspective. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B, Physical and ' 'biological sciences. 2011;87(2):13-28.'}, { 'key': '7451', 'unstructured': 'MERCK. Over 30 Years: The Mectizan Donation Program. 2019; ' 'https://www.merck.com/stories/mectizan/.'}, { 'key': '7452', 'unstructured': 'Hopkins A. Treating neglected tropical diseases. Community eye health. ' '2013;26(82):26-27.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01213.x', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7453', 'unstructured': 'Tielsch JM, Beeche A. Impact of ivermectin on illness and disability ' 'associated with onchocerciasis. Tropical Medicine & International ' 'Health. 2004;9(4): A45-A56.'}, { 'key': '7454', 'unstructured': 'MSD. MECTIZAN Donation Program. n.d; ' 'https://www.msdresponsibility.com/access-to-health/key-initiatives/mectizan-donation-program/.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7455', 'unstructured': 'Barrows Nicholas J, Campos Rafael K, Powell ST, et al. A Screen of ' 'FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection. Cell Host & ' 'Microbe. 2016;20(2):259-270.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1038/srep23138', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7456', 'unstructured': 'Götz V, Magar L, Dornfeld D, et al. Influenza A viruses escape from MxA ' 'restriction at the expense of efficient nuclear vRNP import. Scientific ' 'Reports. 2016;6(1):23138.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.10.004', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7457', 'unstructured': 'Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Baer A, et al. Nuclear import and export ' 'inhibitors alter capsid protein distribution in mammalian cells and ' 'reduce Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus replication. Antiviral ' 'Research. 2013;100(3):662-672.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.nhtm.2015.07.043', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7458', 'unstructured': 'Nguyen C, Burton T, Kuklinski W, Gray M, Foy BD. Ivermectin for the ' 'Control of West Nile Virus Transmission. New Horizons in Translational ' 'Medicine. 2015;2(4):127.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1007/s00705-015-2653-2', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7459', 'unstructured': 'Lee YJ, Lee C. Ivermectin inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory ' 'syndrome virus in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages. Archives of ' 'Virology. 2016;161(2):257-268.'}, { 'key': '7460', 'unstructured': 'Azeem S, Ashraf M, Rasheed MA, Anjum AA, Hameed R. Evaluation of ' 'cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of ivermectin against Newcastle ' 'disease virus. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015;28(2):597-602.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.12.012', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7461', 'unstructured': 'Varghese FS, Kaukinen P, Gläsker S, et al. Discovery of berberine, ' 'abamectin and ivermectin as antivirals against chikungunya and other ' 'alphaviruses. Antiviral Research. 2016; 126: 117-124.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1042/BJ20120150', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7462', 'unstructured': 'Wagstaff Kylie M, Sivakumaran H, Heaton Steven M, Harrich D, Jans David ' 'A. Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear ' 'import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. ' 'Biochemical Journal. 2012;443(3):851-856.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1093/jac/dks147', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7463', 'unstructured': 'Mastrangelo E, Pezzullo M, De Burghgraeve T, et al. Ivermectin is a ' 'potent inhibitor of flavivirus replication specifically targeting NS3 ' 'helicase activity: new prospects for an old drug. Journal of ' 'Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2012;67(8):1884-1894.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.010', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7464', 'unstructured': 'Lv C, Liu W, Wang B, et al. Ivermectin inhibits DNA polymerase UL42 of ' 'pseudorabies virus entrance into the nucleus and proliferation of the ' 'virus in vitro and vivo. Antiviral Research. 2018; 159: 55-62.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.010', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7465', 'unstructured': 'Wang X, Lv C, Ji X, Wang B, Qiu L, Yang Z. Ivermectin treatment inhibits ' 'the replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in vitro and mitigates ' 'the impact of viral infection in piglets. Virus Research. 2019; 263: ' '80-86.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.11.022', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7466', 'unstructured': 'Nguyen KY, Sakuna K, Kinobe R, Owens L. Ivermectin blocks the nuclear ' 'location signal of parvoviruses in crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. ' 'Aquaculture. 2014;420-421:288-294.'}, { 'DOI': '10.3390/microorganisms8030409', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7467', 'unstructured': 'Raza S, Shahin F, Zhai W, et al. Ivermectin Inhibits Bovine Herpesvirus ' '1 DNA Polymerase Nuclear Import and Interferes with Viral Replication. ' 'Microorganisms. 2020;8(3).'}, { 'DOI': '10.1007/s002280050131', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7468', 'unstructured': 'Baraka OZ, Mahmoud BM, Marschke CK, Geary TG, Homeida MM, Williams JF. ' 'Ivermectin distribution in the plasma and tissues of patients infected ' 'with Onchocerca volvulus. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;50(5):407-410.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1038/ja.2017.11', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7469', 'unstructured': "Crump A. Ivermectin: enigmatic multifaceted 'wonder' drug continues to " 'surprise and exceed expectations. J Antibiot (Tokyo). ' '2017;70(5):495-505.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1371/journal.pntd.0006020', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7470', 'unstructured': 'Muñoz J, Ballester MR, Antonijoan RM, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetic ' 'profile of fixed-dose ivermectin with an innovative 18mg tablet in ' 'healthy adult volunteers. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2018;12(1): ' 'e0006020-e0006020.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1016/B978-0-444-53717-1.00934-3', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7471', 'unstructured': "Ivermectin. In: Aronson JK, ed. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs " '(Sixteenth Edition). Oxford: Elsevier; 2016:379-390.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1186/s40249-020-00688-1', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7472', 'unstructured': 'Adedokun KA, Olarinmoye AO, Mustapha JO, Kamorudeen RT. A close look at ' 'the biology of SARS-CoV-2, and the potential influence of weather ' 'conditions and seasons on COVID-19 case spread. Infectious Diseases of ' 'Poverty. 2020;9(1):77.'}, { 'DOI': '10.1186/s12941-020-00368-w', 'doi-asserted-by': 'crossref', 'key': '7473', 'unstructured': 'Sharun K, Dhama K, Patel SK, et al. Ivermectin, a new candidate ' 'therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Annals of Clinical Microbiology ' 'and Antimicrobials. 2020;19(1):23.'}, { 'key': '7474', 'unstructured': 'World Health Organization. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for ' 'infection prevention precautions. 2020; ' 'https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions.'}], 'reference-count': 30, 'references-count': 30, 'relation': {}, 'resource': {'primary': {'URL': 'https://www.ejmed.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/599'}}, 'score': 1, 'short-title': [], 'source': 'Crossref', 'subtitle': [], 'title': 'Ivermectin as Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 among Healthcare Providers in a Selected ' 'Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka – An Observational Study', 'type': 'journal-article', 'volume': '2'}